See foul in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Krio",
"lang_code": "kri",
"word": "fɔl"
},
{
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"lang_code": "srn",
"word": "fowru"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "fowl"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "fowl"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "fowl"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "fowle"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "fowlès"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bird"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fugol",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English fugol",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fugol"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English fugol",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fugl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fugl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fuglaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fuglaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English fugol, from Proto-West Germanic *fugl, from Proto-Germanic *fuglaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "foules",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foul",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "foul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foules",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foules",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foules",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foulene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fouel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fowel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fowele",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fowl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "foȝel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "fuȝel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "fuhel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "voȝel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Kent"
]
},
{
"form": "feul",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Yorkshire"
]
},
{
"form": "fewl",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Yorkshire"
]
},
{
"form": "fewle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Yorkshire"
]
},
{
"form": "ffewyll",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Yorkshire"
]
},
{
"form": "foghel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Yorkshire"
]
},
{
"form": "foughel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Yorkshire"
]
},
{
"form": "foyhel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Yorkshire"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "foul",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "foules",
"pl2": "foul"
},
"expansion": "foul (plural foules or foul)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foulen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "foulere"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 5 5 5 6 2 2 28 0 0 10 30 0 4",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Birds",
"orig": "enm:Birds",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A bird (especially if wild or kept for food)"
],
"id": "en-foul-enm-noun-FTwTXJuX",
"links": [
[
"bird",
"bird"
],
[
"wild",
"wild#English"
],
[
"kept",
"kept#English"
],
[
"food",
"food#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "brid"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A flying insect."
],
"id": "en-foul-enm-noun-Irui9uFS",
"links": [
[
"flying",
"flying"
],
[
"insect",
"insect"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, figurative) A flying insect."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuː(ə)l/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfyːɣəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/fyːl/",
"note": "Lancashire, Yorkshire"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuɣəl/",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"word": "foul"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "defoul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "defoulen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foulhede"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "foul"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "foull"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "foul"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "fowle"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "foul"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fūl",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English fūl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fūl"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English fūl",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fūl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fūl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fūlaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fūlaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*puH-",
"4": "",
"5": "to rot"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“to rot”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English fūl, from Proto-West Germanic *fūl, from Proto-Germanic *fūlaz, from Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“to rot”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "foule",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"tags": [
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "foulere",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "foulest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ffoul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "foull",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fowel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fuyle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ful",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English",
"mainly"
]
},
{
"form": "vul",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English",
"mainly"
]
},
{
"form": "ffoule",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "fowl",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "fowle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "foyll",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "voul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"10": "foulest",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{sup2}}}",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "plural and weak singular",
"4": "foule",
"5": "comparative",
"6": "foulere",
"7": "",
"8": "{{{comp2}}}",
"9": "superlative",
"f3l": "",
"f5l": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "foul (plural and weak singular foule, comparative foulere, superlative foulest)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "foule",
"2": "foulere",
"3": "foulest"
},
"expansion": "foul (plural and weak singular foule, comparative foulere, superlative foulest)",
"name": "enm-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foulen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foule"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foully"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foulnesse"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 15 18 13 9 4 4 5 5 5 2 4 0 4",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Smell",
"orig": "enm:Smell",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Revolting, unclean:",
"Dirty, mucky, filthy."
],
"id": "en-foul-enm-adj-WvU0ieu6",
"links": [
[
"Revolting",
"revolting"
],
[
"unclean",
"unclean"
],
[
"Dirty",
"dirty"
],
[
"mucky",
"mucky"
],
[
"filthy",
"filthy"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 15 18 13 9 4 4 5 5 5 2 4 0 4",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Smell",
"orig": "enm:Smell",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Revolting, unclean:",
"Rotting, decaying, purulent."
],
"id": "en-foul-enm-adj-KXRXXKVv",
"links": [
[
"Revolting",
"revolting"
],
[
"unclean",
"unclean"
],
[
"Rotting",
"rotting"
],
[
"decaying",
"decaying"
],
[
"purulent",
"purulent"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Health",
"orig": "enm:Health",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 15 18 13 9 4 4 5 5 5 2 4 0 4",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Smell",
"orig": "enm:Smell",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Revolting, unclean:",
"Poisonous, noxious; harmful to health (especially of smells)"
],
"id": "en-foul-enm-adj-L0HCpCAB",
"links": [
[
"Revolting",
"revolting"
],
[
"unclean",
"unclean"
],
[
"Poisonous",
"poisonous"
],
[
"noxious",
"noxious"
],
[
"harmful",
"harmful"
],
[
"health",
"health"
],
[
"smell",
"smell#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 15 18 13 9 4 4 5 5 5 2 4 0 4",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Smell",
"orig": "enm:Smell",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Revolting, unclean:",
"Religiously prohibited."
],
"id": "en-foul-enm-adj-2-k-eYc4",
"links": [
[
"Revolting",
"revolting"
],
[
"unclean",
"unclean"
],
[
"Religiously",
"religiously"
],
[
"prohibited",
"prohibited"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Revolting, unclean:",
"(rare) Religiously prohibited."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 17 7 7 25 2 2 2 0 0 14 0 0 17",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Appearance",
"orig": "enm:Appearance",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 10 7 7 31 2 2 5 0 0 12 3 0 14",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Ethics",
"orig": "enm:Ethics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Unpleasant, harsh, grating:",
"Unattractive, ugly, unsightly."
],
"id": "en-foul-enm-adj-vEOwf7-c",
"links": [
[
"Unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"grating",
"grating"
],
[
"Unattractive",
"unattractive"
],
[
"ugly",
"ugly"
],
[
"unsightly",
"unsightly"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Unpleasant, harsh, grating:",
"Uncouth, obscene, rude."
],
"id": "en-foul-enm-adj-4G2Vd6Q1",
"links": [
[
"Unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"grating",
"grating"
],
[
"Uncouth",
"uncouth"
],
[
"obscene",
"obscene"
],
[
"rude",
"rude"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Unpleasant, harsh, grating:",
"Shameful, disgraceful, base."
],
"id": "en-foul-enm-adj-JfGBE-6q",
"links": [
[
"Unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"grating",
"grating"
],
[
"Shameful",
"shameful"
],
[
"disgraceful",
"disgraceful"
],
[
"base",
"base"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Weather",
"orig": "enm:Weather",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 5 5 6 2 2 28 0 0 10 30 0 4",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Birds",
"orig": "enm:Birds",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 0 20 27 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Language",
"orig": "enm:Language",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 5 5 4 2 2 42 0 0 10 17 0 4",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Meats",
"orig": "enm:Meats",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Unpleasant, harsh, grating:",
"Stormy, rough."
],
"id": "en-foul-enm-adj-XTjCuUka",
"links": [
[
"Unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"grating",
"grating"
],
[
"Stormy",
"stormy"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Unpleasant, harsh, grating:",
"(of weather) Stormy, rough."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of weather"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Evil, immoral, depraved."
],
"id": "en-foul-enm-adj-p6B7WAIL",
"links": [
[
"Evil",
"evil"
],
[
"immoral",
"immoral"
],
[
"depraved",
"depraved"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Miserable, feeble, useless."
],
"id": "en-foul-enm-adj-b3EYOiHM",
"links": [
[
"Miserable",
"miserable"
],
[
"feeble",
"feeble"
],
[
"useless",
"useless"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fuːl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vuːl/",
"note": "Kent, Southwest Midland"
}
],
"word": "foul"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "foul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "fool",
"word": "fol"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Cambridgeshire Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of fol (“fool”)"
],
"id": "en-foul-enm-noun-vrZP35Hf",
"links": [
[
"fol",
"fol#Middle_English:_fool"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Cambridgeshire) alternative form of fol (“fool”)"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "foul"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adverb",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "foul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "foully",
"word": "foule"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of foule (“foully”)"
],
"id": "en-foul-enm-adv--q2owBZh",
"links": [
[
"foule",
"foule#Middle_English:_foully"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "foul"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English nouns with invariant plurals",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Appearance",
"enm:Birds",
"enm:Ethics",
"enm:Health",
"enm:Language",
"enm:Meats",
"enm:Smell"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Krio",
"lang_code": "kri",
"word": "fɔl"
},
{
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"lang_code": "srn",
"word": "fowru"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "fowl"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "fowl"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "fowl"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "fowle"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "fowlès"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bird"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fugol",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English fugol",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fugol"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English fugol",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fugl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fugl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fuglaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fuglaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English fugol, from Proto-West Germanic *fugl, from Proto-Germanic *fuglaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "foules",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foul",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "foul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foules",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foules",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foules",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foulene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fouel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fowel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fowele",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fowl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "foȝel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "fuȝel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "fuhel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "voȝel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Kent"
]
},
{
"form": "feul",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Yorkshire"
]
},
{
"form": "fewl",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Yorkshire"
]
},
{
"form": "fewle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Yorkshire"
]
},
{
"form": "ffewyll",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Yorkshire"
]
},
{
"form": "foghel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Yorkshire"
]
},
{
"form": "foughel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Yorkshire"
]
},
{
"form": "foyhel",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Yorkshire"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "foul",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "foules",
"pl2": "foul"
},
"expansion": "foul (plural foules or foul)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "foulen"
},
{
"word": "foulere"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A bird (especially if wild or kept for food)"
],
"links": [
[
"bird",
"bird"
],
[
"wild",
"wild#English"
],
[
"kept",
"kept#English"
],
[
"food",
"food#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "brid"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"A flying insect."
],
"links": [
[
"flying",
"flying"
],
[
"insect",
"insect"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, figurative) A flying insect."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuː(ə)l/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfyːɣəl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/fyːl/",
"note": "Lancashire, Yorkshire"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuɣəl/",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"word": "foul"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English adjectives",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns with invariant plurals",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Appearance",
"enm:Birds",
"enm:Ethics",
"enm:Health",
"enm:Language",
"enm:Meats",
"enm:Smell"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "defoul"
},
{
"word": "defoulen"
},
{
"word": "foulhede"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "foul"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "foull"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "foul"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "fowle"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "foul"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fūl",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English fūl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fūl"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English fūl",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fūl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fūl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fūlaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fūlaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*puH-",
"4": "",
"5": "to rot"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“to rot”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English fūl, from Proto-West Germanic *fūl, from Proto-Germanic *fūlaz, from Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“to rot”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "foule",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"tags": [
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "foulere",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "foulest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ffoul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "foull",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fowel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fuyle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ful",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English",
"mainly"
]
},
{
"form": "vul",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English",
"mainly"
]
},
{
"form": "ffoule",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "fowl",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "fowle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "foyll",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "voul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"10": "foulest",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{sup2}}}",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "plural and weak singular",
"4": "foule",
"5": "comparative",
"6": "foulere",
"7": "",
"8": "{{{comp2}}}",
"9": "superlative",
"f3l": "",
"f5l": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "foul (plural and weak singular foule, comparative foulere, superlative foulest)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "foule",
"2": "foulere",
"3": "foulest"
},
"expansion": "foul (plural and weak singular foule, comparative foulere, superlative foulest)",
"name": "enm-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "foule"
},
{
"word": "foulen"
},
{
"word": "foully"
},
{
"word": "foulnesse"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Revolting, unclean:",
"Dirty, mucky, filthy."
],
"links": [
[
"Revolting",
"revolting"
],
[
"unclean",
"unclean"
],
[
"Dirty",
"dirty"
],
[
"mucky",
"mucky"
],
[
"filthy",
"filthy"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Revolting, unclean:",
"Rotting, decaying, purulent."
],
"links": [
[
"Revolting",
"revolting"
],
[
"unclean",
"unclean"
],
[
"Rotting",
"rotting"
],
[
"decaying",
"decaying"
],
[
"purulent",
"purulent"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Revolting, unclean:",
"Poisonous, noxious; harmful to health (especially of smells)"
],
"links": [
[
"Revolting",
"revolting"
],
[
"unclean",
"unclean"
],
[
"Poisonous",
"poisonous"
],
[
"noxious",
"noxious"
],
[
"harmful",
"harmful"
],
[
"health",
"health"
],
[
"smell",
"smell#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Revolting, unclean:",
"Religiously prohibited."
],
"links": [
[
"Revolting",
"revolting"
],
[
"unclean",
"unclean"
],
[
"Religiously",
"religiously"
],
[
"prohibited",
"prohibited"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Revolting, unclean:",
"(rare) Religiously prohibited."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Unpleasant, harsh, grating:",
"Unattractive, ugly, unsightly."
],
"links": [
[
"Unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"grating",
"grating"
],
[
"Unattractive",
"unattractive"
],
[
"ugly",
"ugly"
],
[
"unsightly",
"unsightly"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Unpleasant, harsh, grating:",
"Uncouth, obscene, rude."
],
"links": [
[
"Unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"grating",
"grating"
],
[
"Uncouth",
"uncouth"
],
[
"obscene",
"obscene"
],
[
"rude",
"rude"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Unpleasant, harsh, grating:",
"Shameful, disgraceful, base."
],
"links": [
[
"Unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"grating",
"grating"
],
[
"Shameful",
"shameful"
],
[
"disgraceful",
"disgraceful"
],
[
"base",
"base"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"enm:Weather"
],
"glosses": [
"Unpleasant, harsh, grating:",
"Stormy, rough."
],
"links": [
[
"Unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"grating",
"grating"
],
[
"Stormy",
"stormy"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Unpleasant, harsh, grating:",
"(of weather) Stormy, rough."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of weather"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Evil, immoral, depraved."
],
"links": [
[
"Evil",
"evil"
],
[
"immoral",
"immoral"
],
[
"depraved",
"depraved"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Miserable, feeble, useless."
],
"links": [
[
"Miserable",
"miserable"
],
[
"feeble",
"feeble"
],
[
"useless",
"useless"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fuːl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vuːl/",
"note": "Kent, Southwest Midland"
}
],
"word": "foul"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English nouns with invariant plurals",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Appearance",
"enm:Birds",
"enm:Ethics",
"enm:Health",
"enm:Language",
"enm:Meats",
"enm:Smell"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "foul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "fool",
"word": "fol"
}
],
"categories": [
"Cambridgeshire Middle English"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of fol (“fool”)"
],
"links": [
[
"fol",
"fol#Middle_English:_fool"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Cambridgeshire) alternative form of fol (“fool”)"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "foul"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English nouns with invariant plurals",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Appearance",
"enm:Birds",
"enm:Ethics",
"enm:Health",
"enm:Language",
"enm:Meats",
"enm:Smell"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adverb",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "foul",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "foully",
"word": "foule"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of foule (“foully”)"
],
"links": [
[
"foule",
"foule#Middle_English:_foully"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "foul"
}
Download raw JSONL data for foul meaning in Middle English (12.5kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: '(nominative/accusative)'",
"path": [
"foul"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "foul",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Cambridgeshire",
"path": [
"foul"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "foul",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Cambridgeshire",
"path": [
"foul"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "foul",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-27 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-05-01 using wiktextract (4997730 and 9380997). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.